Essay --

Hybrid tribunals are most often established in post-conflict regions where no international tribunal exists, and local capacities are insufficient to singularly cope with mass atrocity. Examples of â€Å"hybrid† tribunals include: East Timor, Cambodia, Sierra Leone, and Lebanon. In the event that an international tribunal, such as the ICC, cannot cope with the number of alleged perpetrators, hybrid tribunals also serve as an alternative accountability mechanism. A newly created â€Å"hybrid† international criminal tribunal for Syria will most effectively serve the transitional and restorative justice goals of President Bashar al-Assad’s prosecution. Although the precise definition of â€Å"hybrid† courts is still evolving, some baseline characteristics have emerged. Hybrids aim to marry the expertise and resources of the international community with the legitimacy of local actors. Generally, hybrids are comprised of mixed staff, both local and international, and compound international and national substantive and procedural law. Hybrid tribunals criticize the notion that justice is most effectively served in a wholly â€Å"international† context (dominated largely by Western mechanisms of accountability). Instead, hybrids emphasize the importance of local input in any long-term solution to post-atrocity transitional and restorative justice goals. The underlying raison d’à ©tre of a hybrid tribunal in Syria relies on the philosophical premise that post-atrocity accountability mechanisms should empower local governments and communities in order to achieve transitional and restorative justice goals. The import ance of local empowerment is especially significant in the wake of conflicts that occur within the borders of a state (i.e. civil wars). The languag... ...al infrastructure. However, the narrow mandate of the Syrian tribunal and its co-tribunals in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and others, does not give effect to this problem. Assuming the mandate of the Syrian tribunal accords it jurisdiction over â€Å"perpetrators, organizers, sponsors, and indispensible accomplices,† consider the position of a member of the former, fallen political party that neglected to prevent the commission of atrocities but did not himself participate in them. Arguably, he may or may not â€Å"fall within the jurisdiction† of the international criminal tribunal for Syria, and amnesty laws may be recognized as a bar to prosecution. Ideally, amnesties would not be a necessary component of transition from pre- to post-conflict societies. However, a conditional limitation on the recognition of amnesties serves the more pragmatic interests of transitioning State.

Environmental Issue Essay

Poor waste management is one of the major problems that have vast social-ecological and economic negative effects on a global scale. This has resulted from the fast growth of the urban centers which form the main source of wastes and its poor management by the respective authorities. Indeed, over 90% of the total major cities globally have problems related to waste management (Bureau of National Affairs, 2007). However, cities in the third world economies are affected more by the problem than those in developed countries. Urgent measures are therefore required to address the problems and therefore guarantee ecological sanctity and social integrity of the affected systems. Use of qualitative and quantitative data Addressing the problem of the wastes in the urban regions demands the collection of factual information to establish the correct methods and ways that can be used to address the problem. Taking into consideration that the problem has escalated over a long period of time, use of qualitative data would provide the relevant descriptive information for the waste and therefore aid in determining the best modes of addressing the problem (Toma, 2008). Wastes from the cities can be qualitatively categorized as solid and liquid wastes. The data can further be descriptive of the biodegradable wastes, plastic wastes, pharmaceutical wastes, and sharps. Quantitatively data on the other hand would be very essential in understanding various quantities of the qualitatively categorized wastes. Understanding the statistics provides the respective authorities with the relevant information that can assist them in determining the mode they would use in countering the same problem. Chemical treatment of liquid wastes is sustainable and more effective for smaller quantities of liquid wastes while use of aerobic lagoons is better for larger quantities. Besides, understanding the quantity of recyclable materials in solid wastes makes it easier to calculate the economic returns of the recycled products (Toma, 2008). Hypothesis: Scientific process forms the best system for providing the solution of waste management in the cities. With the problem of the waste being a major source of ecological and social problems globally, it demands a holistic approach that appreciates the complexity of the issue and therefore provide the best possible solution. It is worth noting that scientific method of addressing the problem is based on factual information that is qualitatively and quantitatively derived. Therefore, will be able to assess and address actual problem affecting the people and the ecological systems. All aspects of urban wastes are scientifically derived and science only would interpret them on the same tone to establish means of reducing their effects (Worldwatch Institute, 2009). Socially, addressing the problem using scientific methods aid in ensuring that As a result, it has the ability to link the cause and consequences of the negative effects of the wastes and provide a long term solution to them. Conclusion With the pollution problem threatening to get out of hand in the major cities, it has become important to address it in a sustainable mode. Scientific process will therefore be the best mode due to its thoroughness and intrinsic capacity to alleviate the problem. The demand for cleaner and healthier environment over the years has increased greatly globally. Therefore, taking into consideration that the urban centers are growing faster than any other period in history, scientific process seeks to address the waste problem holistically at all levels. Most of the international considerations like Basel convention of 1989 and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development of 1992 have called for scientific approaches to address the problem. The scientific process calls for effective consideration of the wastes from the point of production to disposal. Besides, it emphasizes on reduction of wastes at the source and application of the best systems that reduces its effects to the people and the natural systems (Worldwatch Institute, 2009). It demands for recycling of all the recyclable waste materials in the wastes a notion that goes a long way in improving the resources utility. Through use of the life cycle analysis/ end of pipe system, wastes are slowly turning into precious resources to be used in other areas like conditioning farms, irrigation, and making building bricks. Notably, the scientific process demands that cooperation be instituted at all levels of the waste management to harmonize the process and ensure long term sustainability. Finally, the scientific process sets effective standards that should be observed by waste producers and managements, and monitoring systems to ensure compliance. Reference list Bureau of National Affairs, (2007). International environment reporter: current report. Washington, D. C. : Bureau of National Affairs. Toma, V. (2008). Waste Management Research Trends. Basel: Nova Publishers. Worldwatch Institute, (2009). State of the World 2009: Into a Warming World. London: W W Norton & Co Inc.

Difference between EU Preschools and American Preschools

EU preschools pay more attention to the student’s health and development, while the domestic schools focus on skills training. According to the physiological and psychological characteristics of children, each country emphasizes that the preschool stage is a key period for their physical growth and development, the primary task of preschool is to cultivate a healthy body for the children. In November 20, 1989, the United Nations unanimously adopted the Convention on the rights of the Children, which involves four aspects of children s rights including survival, development, protection and the criterion to have right to participate in social life within the scope of world . On September 29th,1990, in New York, many countries leaders gathered together to discuss the physical and mental health problems related to the protection of children, and put forward a series of effective principles. In order to ensure the physical and mental health of children, various countries take different measures. For examples: In France, it is stressed that preschool institutions should maximizing the protection of children s health in every activity. In UK, it provides free medical care for children in preschool. In China, the burden of preschool is very heavy, except for the formal lessons, they have to take extracurricular classes. Due to fierce competition, the parent of the children always are afraid that their children will lose in the starting line, at the meantime, they ignore theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Effects of Poverty on the Lives of Children2737 Words   |  11 Pagesindividuals earning capacity; this essay examines the likelihood that an individual will earn enough to keep his or her family out of poverty, given the individuals educational attainment, age, and race. The reasons for the large difference between the child and adult poverty rates are explored, using a decomposition of the poverty population to show how demographic characteristics such as higher fertility rates among poor families and the higher prevalence of single-parentRead MoreNespresso Co. Analysis15084 Words   |  61 Pagesthere are some forms of arts that are only kept in the mountains, like Yodeling (a type of singing) or accordion (music instrument) or even alphorn (a music instrument which is more popular but only in some areas). The melodies of folk music vary between regions. In particular, the Alpine Folk culture is characterized by very expressive dances. Some small musical ensembles are practiced in mountains area, usually in the French speaking part of Switzerland. Moreover, there is the Visual Art: in theRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesidentifying international competitive advantage 1.8 Value shop and the service value chain 1.9 Information business and the virtual value chain 1.10 Summary Case studies 1.1 Build-A-Bear Workshop (BBW): how to manage the global comeback? 1.2 Arcor: a Latin American confectionery player is globalizing its business 1.3 Video case study: Nivea Questions for discussion References 3 5 5 6 6 7 17 19 21 25 33 36 38 39 45 47 47 47 49 49 50 50 57 61 65 65 68 69 70 70 2 Initiation of internationalization LearningRead MoreNgo Pratham7599 Words   |  31 Pageshave annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars.. Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, and private donations. Several EU-grants provide funds accessible to NGOs. Pratham – An NGO Pratham is the largest nongovernmental organization working to provide quality education to the underprivileged children of India. Pratham was established in 1994 to provide education toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesShortcuts in Judging Others 170 †¢ Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations 173 The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making 174 Decision Making in Organizations 175 The Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition 175 †¢ Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177 Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints 184 Individual Differences 184 †¢ Organizational Constraints 186 What About Ethics in Decision Making? 187 Three Ethical DecisionRead MoreCost Accounting134556 Words   |  539 Pagesinclude a share of the rent, food, utilities, and other related costs. Costs tha t would differ with the addition of another person are the differential costs. These differential costs might include food. It would be necessary to negotiate an agreement between you and the other person considering all factors. For example, should you split the total costs or charge only the differential costs of the additional person. Businesses are often faced with similar decisions on finding the appropriate cost base

The New Jersey Drug Task Force Police - 853 Words

In 2009, news broke that five Camden New Jersey Drug Task Force police officers operating in South Camden, NJ were indicted on police corruption. Specifically, the officers were alleged to have stolen money and drugs from dealers and used the funds and drugs to pay informants and plant evidence to stiffen charges against suspects. Moreover, these officers falsified police reports, paid for false witness testimony and used some of the stolen cash for personal use. South Camden, NJ has been struggling with crime for years. Consequently, hardworking citizens and police officers entangled in the community have failed to rid the drug problem that has evolved and produced other no drug related crime. Community policing has been in effect for several years in this rundown city and police continue to struggle with disappointment. Of the five officers indicted three pled guilty, one was convicted and the last was acquitted of all charges (Newall, 2010). Now that I have presented a brief understanding and background of the case against the five officers and the struggles police officers and the community face in South Camden, NJ, I will examine how five officers were led off of a virtuous path by failures of the individuals and the environmental role in their demise. Specifically, I will identify the unethical behavior and contributing factors, provide my ethical opinion on the situation, the effects on the community, and how the culture of Camden Police Department may haveShow MoreRelatedNew Jersey Drug Task Force Officers959 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2009, news broke announcing the indictment of five Camden, New Jersey Drug Task Force police officers that operated in South Camden, New Jersey’s deteriorated neighborhoods. Specifically, the officers were alleged to have stolen money and drugs from dealers and used the funds and drugs to pay informants and plant evidence to stiffen charges against suspects. 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Through a collaboration of various agencies, counterterrorism efforts continue to fight terrorist threats on a domestic and international scale. On a nationalRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1441 Words   |  6 Pageson College Campuses Among female college students, 23% said they experienced some form of unwanted sexual contact ranging from kissing, to touching, to rape. All of these females said it was carried out by force or threat of force, or while they were incapacitated because of alcohol or drugs. This data was collected from a survey taken by 150,000 students from 27 different Universities. (Wallace, Kelley, 2105) Sexual assault is sexual contact or behavior that happens without the consent of the

Essay about History of the Eartly Christian Church

Throughout the early centuries of the church’s existence, the Roman government suppressed the spread of Christianity. Many emperors did their absolute best to try to stop the Christian populace from spreading with none succeeding (demonstrated by the fact that Christianity is still in existence today). It was not until 322 A.D. when Constantine united all of Europe under his throne that Christianity could be spread without threat of persecution. Under Constantine, Christianity, in terms of numerically, thrived. Councils were held, doctrine developed, and great strides were taken in order to have Christianity be one catholic church. However, in the next couple centuries, the church would grow apart and rulers would fall resulting in mass†¦show more content†¦The eastern half of the empire believed that the center of the church should be located in Constantinople with the emperor, but the western half believed that Rome should be the center of church life. Rome believ ed that the church center should be located there because, according to the bishops of Rome, Peter is claimed to have been the first bishop of Rome. Therefore, since Peter, who was given the keys to the church by Jesus, was the first bishop of Rome, the Roman Bishop was over the other bishops and was the head of the church at large. Under this â€Å"truth,† various bishops have risen to power with eventually taking on the title of â€Å"Pope.† The first Roman Bishop to claim direct Apostolic succession from Peter was Damasus I. Damasus went to great lengths to attempt to convince the other churches and cities of this so-called truth but to no avail. However, his work was not in vain. The next bishop of Rome, Siricus, held the same stance as Damasus; however, he took the desire for authority from the other cities farther. Siricus â€Å"claimed inherent authority without consideration of the Scriptures.† He believed that because he was Bishop of Rome, he was a direct descendant of Peter (instead of simply having the same position as Peter), which, according to Siricus, gave him authority over the rest of the church as Peter was supposedly given. In addition to Siricus’ belief in his authority, he also was the first bishop to give himself the title of

Othello study question Free Essays

There are three mall reasons for why Ago hates Othello. The first being that Ago deeply believes that there used to be an affair between his wife Email and Othello. While there is no actual evidence to support the affair, the fact that Ago believes it happened supports the fact that he is very paranoid and might be searching for reasons to hate Othello. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello study question or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second is that Othello denied Ago a promotion he believes he very much deserved. The fact that Othello gives the promotion to Cassia is what leads Ago to take out revenge on both. The third (and most obvious reason to me) Is the simple fact that Othello Is a Moor (black) and Ago Is angry act the fact Othello has authority over him and is praised by the other characters. On line 1. 3. 322, Ago meant that we get to choose who we want to be and that whatever we nurture becomes our nature. Ago chose to warn Othello because he is two-faced and wants to remain on Othello side just long enough to take him down. . Line 1. 2. 60, spoken by Othello, means that neither Barbarian or Ordering had ever drawn there swords before. Othello is mocking them because they are both inexperienced and are pulling out shiny new swords against a great warrior. Act 2 1 . Ago (who we all know to be a sexist by now) Is very cynical towards females and views them all as meaningless. We can tell from way he treats his wife that he Is unappreciative of women. He Is also very critical and engrav e towards all women, believing them to be nothing but deceptive. On line Ago describes women as being â€Å"pictures out of doors, bells in your parlors, wildcats in your kitchens, saints in your injuries, devils being offended, Players in your housewife, and housewives in your beds† (all deceptive and unfaithful creatures). . Shakespeare reveals Sago’s true character through soliloquies because they give Ago a chance to actually be honest outside of his deceptive character in the main story. This is where the dramatic irony of the drama comes from. Sago’s soliloquies also further the motif of the contrast between light and darkness (Ago revealing in his soliloquies the darkness of his heart matches the darkness of Othello skin, making them opposites Inside and out and how most of lagans evil plans are set Into motion at night, the physical representation of Sago’s Inner personality). All of this How to cite Othello study question, Papers

The Effects Of The Titanic Essay Research free essay sample

The Effects Of The Titanic Essay, Research Paper One of the most advertised events of the 1910 # 8217 ; s was the alleged Unsinkable Titanic and it # 8217 ; s controversial sinking on April 14, 1912. When intelligence of this British made luxury line drive, weighing 46,000 gross dozenss reached American shores the imperativeness went wild. The thought of an unsinkable ship was perplexing. Then when the ship sank on her inaugural ocean trip the imperativeness had a 2nd hay-day. The sinking of the Titanic was a national event. It effected the 1910 # 8217 ; s in several ways, 2 illustrations of this would be the decease of American societal icons, and the reforms made to transport engineering and travel codifications. ( MSN Learning ) The decease of two admired Americans affected the 1910 # 8217 ; s by turning the sinking of the Titanic into a national matter. Mr. Isidor Straus, one of the American millionaires killed on the titanic, operated a company that engaged in encirclement running for the Confederate provinces during the American Civil War. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of The Titanic Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the war he moved to New York and obtained R.H. Macy A ; Co. He besides severed as Congressman for New York Tate in 1895. Mr. Straus was a societal icon in America. His decease saddened citizens across America. ( Straus Encyclopedia Titantica ) Besides societal icon Colonel John Jacob Astor IV was killed in the shipwreck. He wrote the novel A Journey in Other Worlds. He invented mechanical devices like the bike brake, turbine engine, and a pneumatic road-improver. Astor besides built the Astoria Hotel. Under the staff of General Levi P. Morton he became Colon EL during the Spanish-American War. Mr. Astor contributed immensely to America’s development. The state was profoundly moved by his decease. The decennary of 1910 was effected by the loss of these and other societal icons. ( Astor Encyclopedia Titantica ) The sinking of the Titanic straight contributed to the 1910s # 8217 ; and subsequent old ages through reforms in ship policies and travel codifications. When research workers of the shipwreck found that there were merely adequate lifeboats for about half of the riders aboard many reforms were issued. Such as the care of a full-time wireless ticker on each ship while at sea, and in international ice patrol. The reforms made travel on big sea vass much safer in the old ages following the accident. ( Titanic Catastrophe ) A major national event, the sinking of the Titanic, affected the 1910 # 8217 ; s in many ways. Two of these ways are, the deceases of American icons, and the reforms on ship engineering and travel codifications. Bibliography # 8220 ; Colonel John Jacob Astor IV # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001. # 8220 ; Isidor Straus # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001 . # 8220 ; Titanic Disaster. # 8221 ; MSN Learning and Research. 27 March. 2001. # 8220 ; Colonel John Jacob Astor IV # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001. # 8220 ; Isidor Straus # 8221 ; . Encyclopedia Titanica. 27 March. 2001 . # 8220 ; Titanic Disaster. # 8221 ; MSN Learning and Research. 27 March. 2001.